Abstract
We tested the longitudinal invariance of seven short versions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in maternal caregivers, following recent analytic recommendations for ordered categorical responses. Data for this study were drawn from the Longitudinal Studies in Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) consortium, based on responses from 427 maternal caregivers across five waves corresponding to their children’s ages: 4, 6, 12, 14, and 16 years. We employed a comprehensive approach using differences in two approximate fit indices (CFI and RMSEA), the chi-square difference test (χ2), and a sensitivity analysis based on predicted response differences. Only one version demonstrated full invariance across all levels, while the others showed only partial evidence for loading or threshold invariance. These findings highlight concerns regarding the use of brief CES-D versions in longitudinal research, particularly over extended time periods. They also underscore the need to reassess whether item content aligns with current definitions of depressive syndrome. Our results suggest that evaluating the longitudinal invariance of short depression measures is essential to ensure the validity of conclusions about changes over time.